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The Japanese Written Sources - An Overview
On this web page I intend, given the time, to present an annotated list of all the known and preserved written sources that - directly or indirectly - illuminate the gradual coming into being of ascetic shakuhachi practice - and the mysterious brotherhood of the masterless samurai Komusō,
虚無僧,
the "Monks of Non-Duality & None-ness". of the Edo Period of Japan.
This process took place over a span of at least two centuries beginning approimately around 1550 till around 1750 or so.
More and more of these texts will also be presented in further details on the special "Chronology: Japan" web pages elsewhere on this very website.
However, the complete digitalization, translation and analysis of those rather many texts is taking considerable time, so please: Be patient☺
* Especially significant texts are marked with an asterix.
The Titles
Here is a simple, compressed "check list" of the actual relevant texts inspected and analyzed
- picture books, encyclopedia etc. without descriptive notes are not included.
More detailed descriptions can be found in the section "Chronology: Quotations & Illustrations".
15th CENTURY:
* c. 1470?: Rakuami (the oldest kyōgen theatrical play of the Ōkura School)
* 1486: Ōuchi uji okite-gaki
* 1494: Sanjūniban shoku-nin uta-awase emaki
16th CENTURY:
* 1550-60: Kuromoto-bon Setsuyō-shū
* 1590?: Ōtani daigaku-bon Setsuyō-shū
* 1590: Tenshō jūhachinen-bon Setsuyō-shū
17th CENTURY:
1614: Government document regarding and aiming at the expulsion of all Christian missionaries from Japan drawn by the Zen Priest Konchiin Sūden (1563–1633) and issued under the name of the shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada.
* 1614: Keichō kenmon-shū (by Miura Jōshin)
1615: Buke shohatto
1615: Gozan jissatsu shozan shohatto
* 1621: Tsurezuregusa nozuchi (by Hayashi Razan)
1623: Shakuhachi (no) ki (by Hayashi Razan)
* 1623: Seisuishō (by Anrakuan Sakuden)
Early Edo/17th century: Haikai emaki - a picture & text scroll describing a komosō
1624-44, Kan'ei Period: Razan shishū by Hayashi Razan (includes 1 poem about Fuke Zenji)
1624-44, Kan'ei Period: Myōan sōsō-shū by Takuan Sōhō (contains hundreds of Chinese style poems, among others:
several about Fuke Zenji, various renowned Chinese Zen personalities and Takuan's close friend and disciple Isshi Bunshu, too)
1625: Yoin shakuhachi (no) ki (by Hayashi Razan)
* 1628: Kaidō honsoku
1635: Sakoku-rei
1636; Ha Kirishitan - "Crush Christianity" (by Suzuki Shōsan)
* 1640s?: Butsu-gen (alt. Hotoke-goto(ba)) - "Buddha Words"
* 1642: Ōkura Tora-akira-bon Kyōgenshū
Includes the oldest known version of the kyōgen piece Rakuami (possibly before 1500?) about the ghost of a deceased shakuhachi player.
* 1646: Letter from Isshi Bunshu/Monju to the komusō Sandō Mugetsu
c. 1648 - Roankyō (by Suzuki Shōsan) - includes an appraisal of Fuke Zenji
* 1664: Shichiku shoshinshū (by Nakamura Sōsan)
1666: Kinmō zū-i (by the Neo-Confucian scholar Nakamura Tekisai, 1629-1702)
* c, 1665-1675?: Kyotaku denki, "Tale of the Imitated Bell" (allegedly written by Ton'o). Includes the oldest known constructed/fabricated genealogy of the komusō,
created for the benefit of the Kyōto Myōan-ji through the introduction of Kichiku,
the alleged most favoured native Japanese student of Shinchi Kakushin's and likewise alleged founder of the Kyōto Myōan-ji,
the name of his later changed to Kyochiku Ryōen Zenji - at the earliest documented in a Myōan-ji document dated 1735.
* 1677, July: Ōko no jō jū-nana-ke jō: 17 paragraphs (issued from Reihō-ji in Edo)
* 1678, January 11: Oboe - the 3 paragraphs (document of the alleged "Fuke Sect Authorization" issued by the Temples and Shrines Magistrate or, more likely, simply a falsification?)
* 1682-1686: Yōshūfu-shi - Records of the Kyōto Area (by Kurokawa Dōyū)
* 1687: Reihō-ji Okite/Sadame: 11 paragraphs
* c. 1690: Jinrin kinmō zu-i (by Makieshi Genzaburō & Atsuo Masamune)
* 1694: Honsoku deshi e mōshi-watashi sadame: 17 paragraphs (issued from the Kyōto Myōan-ji)
* 1695: Kashiragaki zōho kinmō zu-i
18th CENTURY:
c. 1700?: Taishiroku (by Arai Hakuseki. 1657-1725)
1702: Nenzan kibun by Andō Tameakira, 1659-1716 (describing the contemporary shakuhachi & komosō)
* 1703: Letter of petition from the Kyōto Myōan-ji to Kōkoku-ji
* 1705: Honji shōmon (Letter of approval from Kōkoku-ji to the Kyōto Myōan-ji
* 1722: Reihō-ji Oboe: 6 paragraphs
* 1722: Reihō-ji Shūrei: 3 paragraphs
* 1731: Ichigetsu-ji & Reihō-ji Oboe: 10 paragraphs
* 1732: Shakuhachi denrai-ki - document with titles of numerous (now forgotten) honkyoku. This register includes Kyorei, Mukaiji, Kokū) and Suzuru
* 1735: Kyorei-zan engi narabi ni sankyorei-fu ben (important document sent from the Kyōto Myōan-ji to Myōshin-ji,
composed by Myōan-ji's "abbot" Kandō Ichiyū)
* 1740: Ichigetsu-ji komusō honsoku (Matsudo City Museum copy)
1748: Kana-dehon Chūshingura (the honkyoku Tsuru no sugomori is referred to in this famous stage-play about "The 47 rōnin")
* 1751?: Go-nyūkoku no setsu o-watasesōrō on-okitegaki / Keichō no okitegaki (probably the earliest known version with only 8 or 9 paragraphs.
See Takahashi Tōne 1990, pp. 54-56: "Version A") - dated by Yamato Hōmei, link to:
Yamato Hōmei web page
* 1752 (not 1659!): Chūkō Engetsu Ryōgen teichi kakun nijūsange-jo: 23 paragraphs
(supposedly produced by Engetsu Ryōgen, the actual founder/restorer of the Kyōto Myōan-ji; the date 1659 is most probably a falsification)
1792: Shokoku Fukeshūmon jisho
* 1789 - Kashiragaki zōho kinmō zu-i taisei
* 1792: Keichō no okitegaki (version with 11 paragraphs. See Takahashi 1990, p. 60: "Version C")
* 1792: Keichō no okitegaki (version with 10 paragraphs. See Takahashi 1990, pp. 60-61: "Version D")
(Acc. to Max Deeg, 2007, p. 27, a 1792 copy is the oldest attested copy of the Keichō no okitegaki)
1792: Shokoku Fukeshūmon jigo (in: Fukeshūmon (no) okitegaki)
1795: Fukushō-ji dendō-in (travel permit)
* 1795: Kyotaku denki kokujikai & Kyotaku denki (edited by Yamamoto Morihide)
1798: Fudai-ji komusō honsoku
19th CENTURY:
1802: Kyōto Myōan-ji komusō honsoku
1811: Ichigetsu-ji komusō honsoku
1816, at the latest: Kinko techō by Kurosawa Kinko III (1772-1816)
* 1816: Miyaji Ikkan no Shakuhachi hikki (by Miyaji Ikkan)
1818: Hitori-goto (by Hisamatsu Fūyō)
* 1819: Fukeshūmon jōsho-ja (includes a Keichō no okitegaki version with 12 paragraphs, the Enpō 5 Oboe,
and a special Sadame with a comprehensive honkyoku list attached signed by Kobayashi I-he(i))
1823: Hitori mondō (by Hisamatsu Fūyō)
* 1825: Komusō osadame / Keichō no okitegaki (version with 17 paragraphs. See Takahashi 1990, p. 61-64: "Version E")
* 1831: Keichō no okitegaki (version with 20 paragraphs. See Takahashi 1990, pp. 57-60: "Version B")
1838: Kaisei hōgo (by Hisamatsu Fūyō)
* 1848, January 31 (not 1847!): Fuke-sō no gi ni tsuke go-shoku
(The komusō fraternity is eventually put under the direct administration and supposed control of the Rinzai Sect of Japanese Zen Buddhism.)
Mid-19th century: Ikkyū-banashi
* 1871, November 30: Meiji yonnen jūhachinen Daijikan fukoku dai-558-go
(The komusō fraternity is prohibited and the socalled "Fuke Sect" abolished.)
To be continued, expanded and elaborated ...
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Momiji
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